CHAPTER 1 CODES, STANDARDS AND PRACTICE 1.1 A Brief History of Piping Technology 1.2 National Codes,
Standards and Guides 1.3 Piping and Pipeline Codes 1.4 Scope of ASME B31 Codes
1.5 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code 1.6 Federal and State Laws 1.7 ASME Council
on Codes and Standards 1.8 ASME B16 Standards 1.9 API Standards and Recommended
Practices 1.10 Manufacturers Standardization Society 1.11 Pipe Fabrication
Institute Standards 1.12 American Institute of Steel Construction 1.13 American
Concrete Institute 1.14NACE 1.15 Material Institutes 1.16 National Board 1.17
Flow Control Institute Standard 1.18 Hydraulic Institute Pump Standards 1.19
References CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS 2.1 Competence 2.2 At the Engineering Level 2.2.1 Materials
2.2.2 Design 2.2.2.1 System Design 2.2.2.2 Component Design 2.2.3 Construction
2.2.4 Quality Control Inspections 2.2.5 Preoperational Testing 2.2.5.1
Mechanical Testing 2.2.5.2 Operational Testing 2.2.6 Maintenance 2.2.7
Operation 2.3 At the Corporate Level CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS Introduction: A Good Pastry 3.1 Ferrous Pipe 3.1.1 Wrought Iron 3.1.2 Cast
Iron 3.1.3 Steel Pipe and Fittings 3.1.3.1 Essential Characteristics 3.1.3.2
Carbon Steels 3.1.3.3 Alloy Steels 3.1.3.4 High Alloy Steels 3.1.4 Steel Line
Pipe 3.2 Non-Ferrous Pipe 3.2.1 Aluminum Alloys 3.2.2 Nickel Alloys 3.2.3
Copper Alloys 3.3 Fabrication of Steel Pipe 3.3.1 Pipe Size 3.3.2 Seamless Pipe
3.3.3 Seam Welded Pipe 3.3.4 Documentation 3.3.5 Microstructure 3.4 Fabrication
of Pipe Fittings and Components 3.4.1 Forging 3.4.2 Casting 3.4.3 Sheet Metal
3.4.4 Pipe Specifications 3.4.5 Machining and Finishing 3.4.6 Base Metal
Imperfections 3.5 Mechanical Properties 3.5.1 Strength 3.5.2 Hardness 3.5.3
Toughness 3.5.3.1 Charpy V-Notch Toughness 3.5.3.2 Drop Weight Test 3.5.3.3
Fracture Toughness 3.5.4 Fatigue Strength 3.5.5 Physical Properties 3.6
Procurement 3.6.1 Procurement Specification 3.6.2 Supplier Assessment 3.7
References CHAPTER 4 INTERNAL PRESSURE 4.1 Pressure Design of Piping 4.1.1 Thin Wall Approximation
4.1.2 Pipeline Design Equation 4.1.3 Yield and Wall Thickness 4.2 Pressure
Design of Plant Piping 4.2.1 Lame's Formula 4.2.2 Early Design Equation 4.2.3
Piping Design Equations 4.2.4 Allowable Stress 4.2.5 Wall Thickness Allowance
4.3 Yield and Burst Pressure 4.3.1 The Von Mises Yield Pressure 4.3.2 Burst
Pressure 4.4 Pressure Design of Plastic Pipe 4.5 Pressure Rating 4.5.1 Pressure
Rating 4.5.2 Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings 4.5.3 Steel Butt Welded Fittings
4.5.4 Steel Flange Ratings 4.5.5 Socket Welding and Threaded Fittings 4.5.6
Valves 4.5.6.1 Shell Strength 4.5.6.2 Seat Tightness 4.5.7 Unlisted Components
4.6 Pressure Stress in Fittings 4.6.1 Pipe Elbows and Bends 4.6.2 Branch
Connections and Nozzles 4.6.3 Reinforcement of Branch Connections 4.6.4 End
Fillets 4.7 High Pressure Design 4.8 Design Pressure 4.8.1 Design Scenarios
4.8.2 Pressure Excursions 4.9 Over-Pressure Protection 4.10 Burst Energy 4.11
Pipe Specification 4.12 Valve Specification 4.13 References CHAPTER 5 EXTERNAL PRESSURE 5.1 Buckling Pressure 5.2 ASME Code Design 5.3 References CHAPTER 6 LAYOUT AND SUPPORTS 6.1 Spacing of Pipe Supports 6.2 Sustained Stress 6.3 Stress
Indices 6.4 Design Standards 6.5 Selection of Pipe Supports 6.5.1 Variable
Spring 6.5.2 Constant Load Hanger 6.5.3 Rigid Frames 6.5.4 Road Hangers 6.5.5
Pipe Rolls 6.5.6 Rigid Struts 6.5.7 Vibration Dampers 6.5.8 Snubbers 6.5.9
Anchors 6.5.10 Saddles 6.6 Design of Standard Support 6.7 Design of Steel
Frames 6.7.1 Design 6.7.2 Construction 6.8 Anchorage to Concrete 6.9 Layout
Rules of Good Practice 6.9.1 Equipment Elevations 6.9.2 Equipment Spacing 6.9.3
Piping 6.9.4 Valves 6.9.5 Pump Piping 6.9.6 Compressor Piping 6.10 References CHAPTER 7 FLEXIBILITY AND FATIGUE 7.1 Layout for Flexibility 7.2 Simplified Flexibility
Analysis 7.3 Fatigue 7.4 Smooth Specimen Fatigue 7.5 Pipe Component Fatigue 7.6
Fatigue Strength of Socket Welds 7.7 Fatigue Strength of Butt Welds 7.8 ASME
B31 Fatigue Rules 7.9 Fracture Mechanics Approach 7.10 Corrosion Fatigue 7.11
Shakedown 7.12 Cold Spring 7.13 Through-Wall Temperatures 7.14 Creep Damage 7.15
Pipe Insulation 7.16 Expansion Joints 7.17 References CHAPTER 8 VIBRATION 8.1 Root Cause 8.2 Mechanically Induced Vibration 8.3
Vibration Analysis 8.4 Hydraulic Induced Vibration 8.4.1 Vane and Piston Motion
8.4.2 Turbulence Induced Vibration 8.4.3 Cavitation and Air Pockets 8.4.4
Acoustic Resonance 8.4.5 Breathing Mode 8.4.6 Valve Noise 8.5 Measuring
Vibration 8.5.1 Measuring Displacement 8.5.2 Measuring Velocity 8.5.3 Measuring
Acceleration 8.5.4 Strain Gages 8.5.5 Signal Conditioners and Analyzers 8.6
Assessing Vibration Severity 8.6.1 Severity Charts 8.6.2 Pipe Vibration
Analysis 8.7 Prevention and Mitigation 8.7.1 Eliminate the Source 8.7.2 Good
Layout and Supports 8.7.3 Preoperational Testing 8.7.4 Reducing Turbulence and
Cavitation 8.7.5 Pulsation Damper 8.7.6 Damping 8.7.7 Flexible Connections 8.8
References |
CHAPTER 9 FLUID TRANSIENTS 9.1 Single Liquid Phase 9.1.1 Bulk or Propagative Flow 9.1.2
Pressure Change in Bulk Flow 9.1.3 Waterhammer 9.1.4 Valve Characteristics
9.1.5 One-to-Two Phase Transient 9.1.6 Pump Fill Rate 9.1.7 Prevention of
Liquid Waterhammer 9.2 Two-Phase Vapor-Liquid Waterhammer 9.2.1 Steam-Water
Waterhammer 9.2.2 Case Histories 9.2.3 Predicting the Effects of Two-Phase
Transients 9.2.4 Steam System Layout 9.3 Non-Condensable Two-Phase Waterhammer
9.3.1 Flow Regime 9.3.2 Analysis of Slug Flow 9.3.3 Trapped Air 9.4 Stress
Analysis 9.5 References CHAPTER 10 WIND DESIGN 10.1 Wind Damage 10.2 Wind Pressure 10.3 Vortex Shedding
10.4 Wind-Borne Missiles 10.5 References CHAPTER 11 SEISMIC DESIGN AND RETROFIT 11.1 The Seismic
Challenge 11.2 Seismic Specification 11.2.1 Project Specification 11.2.2
Seismic Input 11.2.3 Seismic Qualification 11.2.3.1Operability 11.2.3.2 Leak
Tightness 11.2.3.3 Position Retention 11.2.4 Material Condition 11.2.5
Interactions 11.2.6 Documentation 11.2.7 Maintenance 11.2.8 Definition of
Common Terms 11.3 Rules of Good Practice 11.4 Seismic Analysis Techniques 11.5
Seismic Input Based on IBC 11.6 Seismic Response Spectra 11.6.1 Seismic Input
11.6.2 Modal and Directional Combinations 11.7 Seismic Qualification 11.8 Shake
Table Testing 11.9 Seismic Interactions 11.9.1 Description 11.9.2 Interaction Review
11.9.3 Falling Interactions 11.9.4 Rocking or Swing Impact 11.9.5 Significant
Impact 11.10 References CHAPTER 12 EXPLOSIONS 12.1 Deflagration and Detonation 12.2
Dynamic Loads 12.3 Dynamic Properties 12.4 Pressure Limits 12.5 Design Criteria
12.5.1 Quasi-Static Load 12.5.2 Impulsive Load 12.5.3 Fracture 12.6 Explosion
Protection 12.7 External Explosions 12.8 References CHAPTER 13 SUBSEA PIPELINES 13.1 Subsea Pipeline Safety 13.2 Design Process 13.3
Internal Pressure 13.4 External Pressure 13.5 Pipe Lowering 13.6 On-Bottom
Stability 13.6.1 Objective 13.6.2 Static Analysis 13.7 Pipeline Flotation 13.8
Fatigue Design 13.9 Hook and Pull 13.10 References CHAPTER 14 BURIED PIPE 14.1 To Bury or not to Bury 14.2 Internal Pressure 14.3 Soil
Loads 14.4 Surface Loads 14.5 Thermal Expansion and Contraction 14.6 Ground
Movement 14.7 Seismic 14.8 References CHAPTER 15 WELDING 15.1 Shop and Field Welding 15.2 Welding
Processes 15.2.1 Shielded Metal Arc Welding 15.2.2 Submerged Arc Welding 15.2.3
Gas Metal Arc Welding 15.2.4 Flux Core Arc Welding 15.2.5 Gas Tungsten Arc
Welding 15.2.6 Welding Parameters 15.2.7 Gas Purging 15.2.8 Mechanized Welding
15.3 Weld Defects 15.3.1 Weld Metallurgy 15.3.2 Porosities ' 15.3.3 Cracks
15.3.3.1 Hot Cracking 15.3.3.2 Delayed Cracking 15.3.4 Inclusions 15.3.5 Root
Concavity and Undercut 15.3.6 Incomplete Penetration 15.3.7 Lack of Fusion
15.3.8 Shrinkage 15.4 Codes, Standards and Practice 15.4.1 ASMEB3 land API 1104
15.4.2 American Welding Society 15.4.3 Electrode Nomenclature 15.4.4 Welder and
Weld Procedure Qualification 15.5 Post-Weld Heat Treatment 15.6 In-Service
Welding 15.7 Surfacing Techniques 15.8 References CHAPTER 16 EXAMINATION 16.1 Visual Examination 16.2 Magnetic Particles Testing 16.3
Liquid Penetrant Testing 16.4 Radiographic Testing 16.5 Ultrasonic Testing 16.6
Eddy Current Testing 16.7 Acoustic Emission Testing 16.8 Thermography 16.9
Measurement Accuracy 16.10 Type and Extent of Examinations 16.11 Acceptance
Criteria 16.12 Personnel Certification 16.13 Pipeline Pigs 16.13.1 Utility Pigs
16.13.2 Smart Pigs 16.14 References CHAPTER 17 PIPE FLANGE 17.1 Flange Standards 17.2 Flange Types 17.3 Flange Gaskets
17.3.1 Selection Factors 17.3.2 Non-Metallic Gaskets 17.3.3 Semi-Metallic
Gaskets 17.3.4 Metallic Gaskets 17.4 Flange Faces 17.5 Flange Ratings 17.6
Flange Bolt Torque 17.7 External Loads 17.8 Assembly of Pipe Flanges 17.8.1
Assembly Steps 17.8.2 Closing the Gap 17.9 Nuts and Bolts 17.9.1 Definitions
17.9.2 Bolt Fabrication 17.9.3 Bolt Specifications 17.9.4 Nut, Washer
Specifications 17.9.5 Restrictions 17.9.6 Corrosion Prevention 17.10
Maintenance 17.10.1 Flange Assembly Sequence 17.10.2 Replacing a Gasket 17.10.3
Welding a Slip-On Flange 17.10.4 Leakage Diagnostics 17.10.5 Refinishing Flange
Faces 17.11 References CHAPTER 18 MECHANICAL JOINTS 18.1 What they Are 18.2 Swage Firings 18.3 Grooved Fittings
18.4 In Conclusion CHAPTER 19 LEAK AND PRESSURE TEST 19.1 Leak Test and Pressure Test 19.2 Leak and Pressure Test
Methods 19.3 Choice of Test Method 19.4 Conduct of Test 9.4.1 Plan the Test
19.4.2 Conduct the Test 19.4.3 Plan for Leaks 19.4.4 Drain and Dry 19.5
Isolation 19.6 Locating Leaks Underground 19.7 References CHAPTER 20 DEGRADATION IN SERVICE 20.1 A Critical Decision 20.2 General Corrosion 20.2.1
Progressive Corrosion 20.2.2 Passivating Coating 20.3 Local Corrosion 20.4
Galvanic Corrosion 20.5 Erosion Corrosion 20.6 Environmental Effects 20.7
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 20.8 High Temperature Effects 20.9
Mechanical Damage 20.10 Lining and Coating 20.10.1 Properties 20.10.2 Liquid
Organics 20.10.3 Multilayer Coating 20.10.4 Metallic Coatings 20.11 Corrosion
Inhibitors 20.12 Material Selection 20.13 References CHAPTER 21 FITNESS-FOR-SERVICE 21.1 Fitness-for-Service 21.2 Wall Thinning 21.2.1
Measurement 21.2.2 Ductile Fracture Initiation 21.2.3 Longitudinal Thinning
21.2.4 Circumferential Thinning 21.2.5 Cautions 21.3 Crack Flaws 21.3.1 Brittle
and Ductile Fracture 21.3.2 Fundamental Approach 21.3.3 Stress Intensity 21.3.4
Fitness-for-Service Evaluation 21.3.5 Crack Arrest 21.3.6 Fatigue 21.4
Mechanical Damage 21.4.1 Ripple 21.4.2 Buckle and Wrinkle 21.4.3 Dent 21.4.4
Dent with Gouge 21.5 References CHAPTER 22 MAINTENANCE, RELIABILITY AND FAILURE ANALYSIS 22.1 Case History
22.2 Maintenance Objective 22.3 Maintenance Plan 22.4 Maintenance Strategies
22.5 Corrective Maintenance 22.6 Failure Modes 22.7 Pro-Active Maintenance
22.7.1 Preventive or Predictive Maintenance 22.7.2 Inspection Checklists
22.7.2.1 Piping and Vessels 22.7.2.2 Supports 22.8 PDM Techniques 22.9
Reliability 22.10 Maintenance and the Construction Codes 22.11 Elements of
Failure Analysis 22.11.1 Data Collection 22.11.2 Visual Examination,
Macrofractography and NDE 22.11.3 Metallography and Microfractography 22.11.4
Chemical Analysis 22.11.5 Mechanical Tests 22.11.6 Stress and Fracture Analysis
22.11.7 Improvements 22.12 References CHAPTER 23 REPAIR TECHNIQUES 23.1 Repair Strategy 23.2 Replacement 23.3 Grinding Out
Defects 23.4 Weld Overlay 23.5 Full Encirclement Sleeve 23.6 Fillet Welded
Patch 23.7 Flush Welded Patch 23.8 Welded Leak Box 23.9 Mechanical Clamp 23.10
Composite Overwrap 23.11 Buried Pipe Rehabilitation 23.12 Brushed and Sprayed
Lining and Coating 23.13 Pipe Straightening 23.14 References CHAPTER 24 PLASTIC PIPE 24.1 Plastic Form 24.2 Size 24.3 Chemical Resistance 24.4
Physical and Mechanical Properties 24.5 Pressure Design 24.6 Pressure Cycling
Fatigue 24.7 Pressure Design of Fittings 24.8 Support Spacing 24.9 Fabrication
and Examination 24.9.1 Solvent Cementing 24.9.2 Coated Adhesive 24.9.3 Butt
Strap Adhesive 24.9.4 Hot Plate Butt Fused Joint 24.9.5 Hot Plate Socket Joint
24.9.6 Hot Air Welding 24.9.7 Electrofusion 24.9.8 Flange Joints 24.10 Bonding
Qualification 24.11 References CHAPTER 25 VALVES 25.1 Overview 25.2 Gate Valves 25.3 Globe Valves
25.4 Plug Valves 25.5 Ball Valves 25.6 Butterfly Valves 25.7 Diaphragm Valves
25.8 Check Valves 25.9 Safety and Relief Valves 25.10 Control Valves 25.11
Sizing Gas Control Valves 25.12 Valve Actuators 25.13 Closure Test |